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Definition
Management activities since ancient times, that is, but what is 'Management', from a different point of view, can have different interpretations. Literally, the management has 'jurisdiction', 'processing', 'control' and 'director' and is intended, that is, a range of officers and affairs and to deal with. But this literal interpretation is not possible to strictly manage their own show has a complete meaning.
With regard to the definition of management has still to be recognized and unity. A long time, many Chinese and foreign scholars from different research point of view, the management made a different interpretation, which are more representative are:
Management • A • Herbert Simon (Herbert A Simon) that 'management is the decision-making.'
At present, the United States, Japan and some European countries or the management of work management textbooks, but also have different definitions of management, such as:
'Management by one or more people to coordinate the activities of others in order to receive the individual activities can not separate the effect of receipt of the activities carried out.'
'Management is to plan, organize, control and other activities.'
'Management is to plan, organize and control an organization or the work of a group of people.'
'Give the management of a broad and practical definition, it could be seen as an activity that is the case that it played some of their functions, in order to effectively access, distribution and use of human efforts and material resources to achieve a objective. '
'Management is through the work of others to complete.'
The above definition can be said to be from a different side, different angle reveals the meaning of management, or to reveal the attributes of a particular aspect of management. This book that the 'management' can make the following definition of the concept of a comprehensive summary of the management of the connotation and denotation, namely: the management refers to a certain organization managers, through the implementation of planning, organizing, staffing, direction and leadership and control functions to coordination of the activities of others so that together with other people with their own activities to achieve the course objectives.
The basic characteristics of management
In order to more fully understand the concept of management, understanding the characteristics of management sciences, the scope and content, we can also look into the following aspects to further grasp of some basic characteristics of the management.
Management is a social phenomenon or cultural phenomenon. As long as there is the existence of human society, there will be management. From a scientific definition, the existence of the management must have two necessary conditions are indispensable.
(1) Must be two or more group activities, including production, administrative and other activities ... ....
(2) Have the same recognition, the goal of consciously.
The 'carrier' of Management - organizations
Mentioned earlier, management activities in the human reality of widespread social life, and from the front of the discourse can be seen, management has always existed in some of the organizations. It is precisely because of our real world the prevalence of organization, management and the need to exist. Two or more members for a certain goal of collaborative activities carried out in the collective organization were formed: 'A lot of people in the same production process, or in different but inter-connected in the production process in a planned way collaboration with labor, such labor is called the form of collaboration.”Effective collaboration needs organized and the need for management in an organization. Social life in the form of a variety of organizations, although their specific functions in society and there will be differences between different, but constitute the basic elements of organizations are the same.
In the organization, in general, including the five elements, namely, people date, including the management of the subject and the object; date management structures and technical objects, means and conditions; institutions in real terms reflect the date of the division of labor management relations and management; date management information media, basis, but also the object of management; purpose Calligonum purpose that why we need this organization, and its broader meaning than the target.
Social system as a subsystem, its activities must be subject to the impact of the surrounding environment, it also includes nine external factors: ① the industry, including competitors of the same industry and related industries the situation; ② raw materials supply base; ③ human resources; ④ financial resources; ⑤ market; ⑥ technology; ⑦ political and economic situation; ⑧ Government; ⑨ social and cultural.
Therefore, an organization to establish and develop, it is necessary to have the five basic elements of the internal, but also by a series of external environmental factors and constraints. Management is in such an organization, or by a number of people through the exercise of various management functions, so that organizations of all kinds of people-the main elements of a reasonable configuration, so as to achieve the realization of organizational goals and activities, this point of any nature, any type of organization are of universal significance.
Management tasks, functions, levels
Management as a task is to design and maintain a system so that in this system can work together with people spending as little as possible (including human, material and financial resources, etc.) to achieve their established goals. Management activities are conducted through, people are the main management activities, so the implementation of management tasks to people who are collectively referred to as 'managers', 'managers' (managerial people). Of course the task of management is the management task.
Managers are talking about here, there is no executive, administrator, and supervisor these hierarchy. Although these managers may have their own organization where the type and the specific work carried out by different at different position and level, as various management positions with a range of different powers, to assume different responsibilities; the task but they are the same must be for the organization and all its members to create and maintain an environment in which people can play to their utmost, through the efforts to achieve organizational goals. This is a common task manager, their work other than the organization is more important, so we will be this sense of managers collectively referred to as manager. For example, in a company, whether president or manager, department managers, department heads and so on, are the list of executive officers.
Management as a process in which managers has to play a role, that is, the functions of managers, which is usually said that the management functions. The functions of management, early is generally believed that the management theory, management, planning, implementation, control the basic functions of the three. Fayol in France believe that there are five major management functions: planning, organizing, directing, coordination and control. Gulick the United States proposed that the management of the seven functions of planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, budget. Management of Jurists Koontz's view that the management, including planning, organizing, staffing, direction and leadership, control of the five functions. On the specific content of the subsequent chapters will be discussed in detail.
Management and management staffs are the same basic functions, including planning, organizing, staffing, direction and leadership, control. However, as managers in an organization in which different levels, they in the implementation of these functions will have different emphases. Organizations of executives in general are divided into three levels, namely, the top manager, the middle manager and first line manager or supervisor.
The role of managers
The management of American Jurists • F • Drucker, Peter (Peter F. Drucker) 1955 years, 'the role of managers' (The role of the manager) of the concept will help us understand the meaning of management. Drucker believes that management is an invisible force is reflected through all levels of managers, so the roles of managers in general are classified into three types:
1. Managing a business
Seek survival and development organizations. Must therefore be:
(1) To determine the organization is doing, and what should be the goal, how to take positive measures to achieve its objectives;
(2) To achieve the maximum effectiveness of the Organization;
(3) 'To serve the community' and 'create customers.'
2. Managing manager
Organization of upper, middle and lower three levels, all are managers, they were managers, it is necessary:
(1) To ensure that lower-level vision, will, efforts towards a common goal;
(2) Foster the spirit of collective cooperation;
(3) Training subordinates;
(4) Establish a sound organizational structure.
3. Managing workers & work)
So to recognize that the two assumptions:
(1) On the work, its nature is constantly changing dramatically, both physical, mental and the latter increasing the proportion of;
(2) On the people, it is necessary to correctly understand the 'individual differences, and complete, and behavior due to human dignity' at all levels for all categories of personnel dealing with the importance of mutual relations.
From the above analysis we can see that management is the core of good interpersonal skills to deal with.
Scientific management
Management is the management of scientific activities as a process, during which there was a series of basic objective laws. It is only after numerous failures and success, from the practice to collect, summarize, test data, make assumptions, to verify the assumption, from which a series of abstract and summary of management activities to reflect the objective laws of the process of management theory and general methods. People use these theories and methods to guide their management practices, the results of management activities used to measure the management process used in the theory and method is correct, whether or not effective, so that the management of scientific theories and methods in practice constant verification and rich. Thus, management is a science, it refers to the management to reflect the objective laws of management theory and methods as a guide, a set of analysis, problem solving and scientific methodology.
Artistic management
It is to emphasize the artistic management of its practicality, there is no practice of the art does not matter. That is to say, just stay in the books of management theory, or reciting the principles and formula management activities can not guarantee its success. Managers must play in the management of the practice of the enthusiasm, initiative and creativity, according to local conditions and specific knowledge to manage a combination of management activities is required for effective management. Therefore, the management of the artistic, that is, in addition to stress management activities to acquire a certain amount of theory and methods, as well as flexibility in the use of knowledge and skills of these skills and know-how.
From the management of Science and Art, we can see that effective management of the arts is based on its understanding of management theory-based. Therefore, between the two are not mutually exclusive, but complementary. As mentioned above, by 'the principle to recite' to carry out management activities must be divorced from the reality or to ignore invalid activities; and do not have basic knowledge of management theory and the executive officer, in the management of the inevitable by luck, by the intuition or past work experience, it is difficult to find viable management, a satisfactory solution. Therefore, the management of the training of professional training can not be a 'finished product' of the executive officers, it is further training through the practice of executives of a good start, it is excellent for training supervisory personnel in the theory of knowledge and lay a solid foundation. Of course, theory alone is not sufficient to ensure the success of management, it is also necessary to know how to use them in practice, it is also very important. Harvard Business School professor of business administration done Levine, during his tenure as a director of the Institute of Management System and general manager of the company during the management of a large number of people a master's degree in management in the actual use of discovered that their school in the results obtained with the management there is no direct relationship between performance. He believes that if the cause of academic achievement with equal success, this well-educated manager is a figure of mythology. |
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